亲属关系一直是文化人类学、语言学和心理学共同关注的重要课题。中国西南的摩梭人是世上独一无二的母系群体，其独特的婚姻家庭和亲属关系是国内外学者关注的热点。本研究以列维–斯特劳斯的亲属结构理论为指导，从认知心理学、社会心理学和认知神经科学角度来研究摩梭人的亲属关系，探讨其本质，具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。 根据列维–斯特劳斯的亲属结构理论，主要从两方面来探讨摩梭人的亲属关系：(1)通过对摩梭人亲属关系语词系统的研究，揭示家庭结构、婚姻制度、文化和语言对亲属关系认知的影响，并考察市场经济对摩梭母系文化的冲击；(2)通过对摩梭人亲属关系态度系统的研究，考察对摩梭家庭中4种基本亲属关系的认知及其态度，揭示摩梭家庭中舅权和父权的本质及发展变化，探讨阿注关系的本质；揭示摩梭人乱伦禁忌的特点和内在运行机制。 研究表明：(1)摩梭人亲属词的概念结构有两个维度：亲属的亲密程度和辈分大小。摩梭人亲属词的概念结构既与汉族和纳西族的亲属词概念结构存在相同之处，也具有独特性。(2)摩梭人的亲属关系语词系统既受亲属关系的特性(亲属的亲密程度、辈分大小、典型性、姻亲/非姻亲等)影响，也受个体生活经验的影响(熟悉性、联系频率等)，还受文化因素的制约。(3)摩梭人的基本亲属关系的生物成分和社会成分在走婚的过程中被分离。舅甥关系、兄弟姐妹关系占有非常重要的地位，母系亲属重于父系亲属，阿注关系类似于朋友关系。但是，夫妻关系和父子关系在现代摩梭社会正逐渐由虚变实，由弱变强。(4)摩梭人对于母系血亲的乱伦禁忌态度比对父系血亲更为严格，研究结果支持乱伦禁忌的生物进化理论。 根据上述结果，对摩梭人亲属关系的语词系统和态度系统进行了分析，给世人揭示了不同于主流社会的摩梭人亲属关系的实质。

The kinship, which is generally regarded as the initial social relationship of individuals, is formed on the basis of blood relationship and marriage. The kinship has been one of the most important research topics in the field of cultural anthropology, ethnology, culturology, linguistics and psychology in recent years. The Moso, who live in the border of Yunnan province and Sichuan province in Southwest China, is the only matriarchal ethnic group in the current world. Its particular marriage, household and kinship have interested scholars from domestic and overseas. Based on the structural theory of kinship raised by Lévi-Strauss, the present study explores the kinship of the Moso from the perspective of cognitive psychology, social psychology and cognitive neuroscience. Through comparing the kinships between the Moso nationality and the Han nationality, a series of characteristics of the kinship of the Moso were revealed. The present study has the following significant theoretical discoveries and practical implications: (1) The structure and the trait of the kinship of the Moso and the operating mechanism of the Moso matriarchal society are revealed, thus enriching and developing the previous theories on the kinship; (2) The kinship of the Moso is explored from a psychological perspective, thus enhancing the diversity of the research methods and enriching the cross-cultural researches; (3) More protection of the matriarchal culture of the Moso is enlightened. According to the structural theory of kinship raised by Lévi-Strauss, the present study explores the kinship of the Moso at two aspects: (1) By studying the terminological system of the Moso, we reveal the influence of the family structure, marriage system, culture and language on the cognition of the kinship and the impact of the market economy on the matriarchal culture of the Moso; (2) By studying the system of attitudes of the Moso, we explore the cognition and attitude of the four basic kinships in the Moso society, explain the development of the change of the avunculate and patriarchy in the Moso society and the essence of the relationship of the Moso “azhu”, and reveal the trait and the mechanism that underlines the incest taboo of the Moso. The results demonstrate that: (1) There are two main dimensions in the conceptual structure of kinship words of the Moso. One is the level of intimacy among the relatives, the other is the position in the family tree. Their conceptual structure shares some common features as those of the Han and Naxi nationalities, but also has some unique traits. (2) The terminological system of the kinship of the Moso is not only affected by the properties of the kinship (e.g. the level of intimacy, the position in the family tree, the typicality of the relatives, and whether the relation is based on marriage or not), but also is affected by the individual’s experience (e.g. the familiarity of the relatives, the frequency of contact between relatives) and cultural restrictons. (3) The biological role and the social role of the basic kinship of the Moso are separated during the course of the “walking marriage”. The spousal relationship and the parent-child relationship in the modern Moso society are gradually changing from virtual to real and from weak to strong. (4) The attitude to the incest taboo to the matriarchal blood relations of the Moso is more rigid than that of the Han nationality. The results generally support the Bioevolutionary Theory. After analyzing the terminological system and the system of attitudes of the kinship of the Moso, we discover the essences which are very different from those of the mainstream society.